Gwynne Shotwell has taken on an even larger role at SpaceX since the company’s CEO, Elon Musk, bought Twitter in 2022 and directed much of his attention to the platform now known as X.

Shotwell oversees day-to-day operations at Elon Musk’s spacecraft firm, now valued at $125 billion. SpaceX led the commercial rocket industry with a record 31 launches in 2021, only to launch ...