Abstract: To deal with the uncertain relationship between random variables and harmonic spectrum in existing random pulsewidth modulation (PWM), this article links the uniformly distributed random ...

Where \(X\) is a normally distributed random variable with mean \(\mu\) and standard deviation \(\sigma\). The peak of the curve occurs at \(x=\mu\), and the spread ...

James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Khadija Khartit is a strategy, investment, and funding expert, and an educator of fintech and strategic finance ...

The total area under the curve must equal 1, representing the fact that the probability of some outcome occurring within the entire range is certain. \[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f\left(x\right)dx=1\] ...

Abstract: The Beckmann distribution has a wide range of applications in radio-frequency communications, free-space optical (FSO) communications, and underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC).