2008). Alternatively, parasites can also serve as important sources of prey (Figure 1). For example, predators on islands in the Gulf of California, including lizards, scorpions and spiders ...

We divide parasites into two categories: endoparasites, which live inside the body of their hosts, and ectoparasites, which live and feed on the outside of the body of their host. Examples of ...

However, mammals and oxpeckers may not be a perfect example of mutualism, as the birds can harm their hosts. The birds remove parasites and seem to prefer hosts with large numbers of them, but they ...