A new study suggests instead of releasing waste, the first anal orifice was an exit hatch for male sex cells which was given ...

The study of the physiology and ecology of animals that don't have backbones, ranging from worms to sea stars, and of parasites, which can often provide insights into complex ecosystems. (Sea star ...

While the functions of IgSF in vertebrates are relatively well understood, their roles in invertebrates remain underexplored. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the functions and mechanisms ...

A diagram showing the ways in which antibiotics can disrupt bacterial processes, and the methods of antibiotic resistance bacteria often use. Credit: Wikimedia Commons The McMaster team discovered ...

Microbiology is the study of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses, and is of immense importance in relation to the environment, agriculture and food, biomedical sciences and biotechnology.