Linear mixed models (LMMs) are a powerful and established tool for studying genotype–phenotype relationships. A limitation of the LMM is that the model assumes Gaussian distributed residuals, a ...

"First edition published in 2006." 1. Introduction -- What are linear mixed models (LMMs)? -- Models with random effects for clustered data -- Models for longitudinal or repeated-measures data -- A ...

Linear mixed models (LMMs) serve as a versatile statistical framework, combining fixed effects that capture the overall trends with random effects that account for variability across subjects, ...

In this article, the authors suggest a profile-likelihood approach for estimating complex models by maximum likelihood (ML) using standard software and minimal programming. The method works whenever ...

Clustered data, either as an explicit part of the study design or due to the natural distribution of habitats, populations, and so on, are frequently encountered by biologists. Mixed effect models ...