acquired glenohumeral anterior instability, (2) loss of internal rotation range of motion, and (3) lack of retraction strength. Based on recent literature, the following guidelines are proposed in the ...

In the position of 30° shoulder internal rotation, subjects with glenohumeral translational instability produced significantly greater force than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: High load ...

Various theories exist regarding the mechanisms of stiff shoulder (SS). Potential etiological factors are adhesive capsulitis, [1] decreased capsular volume, [2,3] capsular contractions, [4 ...