There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves ... glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are commonly evaluated simultaneously. 7,8 The glossopharyngeal nerve provides motor innervation to the pharynx and ...

The cranial nerves are a set of twelve nerves that originate ... The parasympathetic function regulates heart rhythm and innervates the smooth muscles in the airway, lungs, and gastrointestinal ...

and their axons extend through the cranial nerves to control muscles in the head and neck. Other vertebrates (including fish, chicks and mice) show a high degree of conservation in both the ...