Produce and other non-certified foods may be provided to laboratory animals for enrichment, but this practice can generate scientific concerns, particularly if these food items contain nutrients that ...

Using observed imbalances between study groups (e.g., exposed and unexposed) to determine variables for confounding adjustment in nonrandomized studies may misguide the selection of variables to ...

Does ice cream cause drownings? Let's think about this statistically. Consider that, in any given city, daily sales of ice cream are, most likely, positively correlated with daily rates of drownings.

Drawing causal inference with observational studies is the central pillar of many disciplines. One sufficient condition for identifying the causal effect is that the treatment-outcome relationship is ...

Jonathan Freeman, Donald A. Goldmann and John E. McGowan, Jr. Most information in hospital epidemiology comes from observational studies of hospitalized patients, not from planned experiments. Data ...