Asynchronous programming in JavaScript leverages features like callbacks, promises and async/await to sidestep this issue by allowing other code to run in the meantime.

Using callback-passing for asynchronous actions does not compose well and creates complex flows of passing callbacks around. The JavaScript community has produced several libraries to cope with this.

Callbacks work fine for handling asynchronous code in JavaScript, but promises and the async and await keywords are cleaner and more flexible.