Historically, vascular rings, formed by a right or double aortic arch, have been diagnosed in childhood following symptoms or signs of tracheo-oesophageal compression. Many of these features might be ...

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the cause of a wide range of acute suppurative and, following a latent period, non-suppurative diseases such as rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

The use of data to challenge and improve healthcare has a long and distinguished history but has often failed to bring about expected improvements. It has never become fully embedded in clinical ...

Guidelines are integral to reducing variation in paediatric care by ensuring that children receive the right care, every time. However, for reasons discussed in this paper, clinicians do not always ...

Major trauma is the most frequent cause of death in the UK for children aged between 1 and 18 years. It is responsible for 31% of deaths in children aged 1–4 years, increasing to 48% of deaths in ...

Paediatric gynaecological problems, especially those involving the vulvar area, are common in childhood. The conditions frequently seen include recurrent bacterial vulvovaginitis, vulvar irritation, ...

Asthma is one of the most common chronic disorders of childhood. The typical symptoms are a result of reversible airway obstruction. There is no ‘gold-standard’ test to diagnose asthma, but the most ...

### The scale of the problem In 2022, a national oral health survey found that 23.7% of 5-year-old children in England had visible tooth decay.1 How many other health problems can you think of that ...

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) presents as reduced consciousness, often with seizures, abnormal tone, feeding and respiratory difficulties. The most common cause is secondary to a hypoxic-ischaemic ...

A 3-year-old female was admitted for 2 days of fever and coryzal symptoms. She had three previous episodes of upper respiratory tract infection but no known immunodeficiency or history of aspiration.

A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) is a common finding especially in neonates who are admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Due to the varied causes that can lead to neonatal ...

Refugee and asylum-seeking children and young people (CYP) (see box 1 for definitions) often have complex social, physical and mental health needs but are often unable to access National Health ...