The standard interpretation of a null state, or empty state, posits it as devoid of structure. This paper introduces a ...

Abstract: This article analyzes the stability of probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs) with switching discrete probability distribution (DPD). First, the dynamics of PBNs with switching DPD is ...

Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School ...

A discrete random variable is a type of random variable that can take on a countable set of distinct values. Common examples include the number of children in a family, the outcome of rolling a die, ...

The binomial distribution is a key concept in probability that models situations where you repeat the same experiment several times, and each time there are only two possible outcomes—success or ...

Early IRA withdrawals before age 59½ often face a 10% penalty. IRA distributions may be penalty-free for specific reasons like medical expenses. Check IRS exceptions to avoid penalties on early ...

Abstract: In this paper the formulas for Fibonacci distribution and golden proportion regularities in oscillation spectra of oscillator systems are presented in frame of MEMS elements parameters ...