The first law of refraction states that the incident rays, refracted rays, and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. The ratio of the sine of the angle of ...

In 1967 the Russian physicist Victor Veselago predicted the existence of a material with a negative index of refraction, which he termed “left-handed.” He concluded that in the presence of such a ...

THE increasing application to various radio purposes of ultra-short electric waves of less than 10 m. in wave-length has given a new stimulus to the problem of calculating the field strength at ...

Definition: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal. By measuring the angles and intensities of diffracted beams ...

Light scattering as the basis for size determination of many objects has been explored for a long time. It was Gustav Mie, author of the Mie Scattering Theory, who studied gold nanoparticles in ...

Scientists have demonstrated that negative refraction can be achieved using atomic arrays -- without the need for artificially manufactured metamaterials. Scientists have long sought to control light ...

Time-varying systems, materials with properties that change over time, have opened new possibilities for the experimental manipulation of waves. Contrarily to static systems, which exhibit the same ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract In deep water, when multi-directional random waves symmetric to the direction of propagation are incident obliquely on the shore, directional ...