Like Earth, Mars is surrounded by an ionosphere—the part of its upper atmosphere where radiation from the sun knocks ...

Armin Doerry, a radar researcher at Sandia National Laboratories, acknowledged this in a 2013 report on the effects of the Earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction on radar signals. “ ...

THE anomalies of atmospheric refraction are nume rous, and at various times irregularities extending over periods of one minute, one day, and one year have been discussed, that of the order of one ...

But in reality, atmospheric refraction raises the sun's disk by more than its own apparent diameter while it is rising or setting. Thus, when we see the sun as a reddish-orange ball just sitting ...

This rather rare phenomenon is known as the "green flash." The green color is produced by atmospheric refraction of light, which causes objects near the horizon to appear slightly higher in the ...

To create atmospheric optics we need two things ... First, we need to know the difference between refraction and reflection.

But Novaya Zemlya-like effects are not limited to the Arctic. The Novaya Zemlya effect is an atmospheric refraction phenomenon that causes a viewer to perceive the premature birth of the Sun as ...

When very close to the horizon (bottom), strong atmospheric refraction "lifts" the bottom of the moon into the top, flattening it into a disk. Higher up, where refraction is minimal, our line of ...

Sundogs are a result of the refraction of light when the sun's rays interact with ice crystals suspended in the upper atmosphere. Refraction causes the dispersion of light into a spectrum of ...

THE correspondence on terrestrial refraction from Mr. Mallock and Dr ... reach vacuum value at the height H ot the homogeneous atmosphere. Dr. Hunter is equally correct in pointing out that ...