"Yes or no: was there once life on Mars?" I can't say. "What about intelligent life?"' That seems most unlikely, but again, I can't really say. The simple yes-or-no framework has no place for shadings ...
The concept of information Intro to Probability Intro to Classical Information Intro to Basic QM: States and Entanglement Intro to Quantum Information Readings: Timpson, Chap 1; Rolf Landauer, ...